The mammalian syndecan (SDC) family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) consists of four transmembrane proteins (SDC1-SDC4), each encoded by separate genes, which are involved in several developmental and disease processes. Given its adverse outcomes and high prevalence worldwide, ranging from 12.5 to 31.4%, MetS has become a serious global health issue that is likely to get worse in the next decades due to population aging. Together these factors dramatically increase the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus, as well as premature death. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of inter-related and partly heritable metabolic disorders that include abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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